Existentialism and Stoicism are philosophical paradigms that very offer distinct perspectives on life, existence, and human nature. In this article is about existentialism vs stoicism and we;ll see how each philosophy contemplates the fundamental questions of human existence. What does it mean to exist? How should one navigate the trials and tribulations of life? So, let’s compare these contrasting philosophies and discover the wisdom they offer in understanding the human condition.
Definitions
Defining Existentialism
Existentialism is a philosophical movement that emerged in the 19th and 20th centuries, primarily in Europe, revolving around the exploration of individual existence, freedom, and choice. At its core, existentialism emphasizes the subjective experience of human beings, focusing on the individual’s struggle to find meaning and purpose in an inherently absurd and chaotic world. Existentialists often reject traditional philosophical frameworks and instead advocate for personal responsibility and authenticity in confronting life’s uncertainties.
Defining Stoicism
Stoicism, on the other hand, traces its origins back to ancient Greece and Rome, flourishing as a philosophical school during the Hellenistic period. Stoicism advocates for the cultivation of inner strength, resilience, and moral virtue in the face of adversity. Rooted in the belief that individuals have control over their thoughts and actions, Stoicism encourages acceptance of the natural order of the universe and the pursuit of eudaimonia, or a flourishing life, through virtuous living and rationality.
Existentialism vs Stoicism
Origins and Influences
Existentialism
Existentialism emerged as a response to the existential angst prevalent in the aftermath of World War II and the disillusionment with traditional philosophical and religious beliefs. Influenced by thinkers such as Søren Kierkegaard, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Jean-Paul Sartre, existentialism emphasizes individual autonomy and the subjective experience of existence.
Stoicism
Stoicism traces its roots to ancient Greek philosophers such as Zeno of Citium, who founded the Stoic school in Athens around 300 BCE. Influenced by earlier philosophical traditions, including Cynicism and Socratic thought, Stoicism evolved as a pragmatic philosophy focused on cultivating inner tranquility and moral virtue in accordance with nature.
View of Existence and Reality
Existentialism
Existentialism posits that existence precedes essence, meaning that individuals create their own essence or identity through their choices and actions. Existentialists reject the notion of predetermined purpose or meaning in life, instead emphasizing the inherent freedom and responsibility of individuals to define their existence in an absurd and indifferent universe.
Stoicism
Stoicism views existence as governed by a rational and ordered cosmos, wherein individuals are integral parts of the greater whole. Stoics believe in accepting the natural course of events, recognizing the connection between all things, and aligning one’s actions with the universal principles of reason and virtue.
Concept of Freedom and Determinism
Existentialism
Existentialism champions the concept of radical freedom, asserting that individuals are ultimately responsible for their own choices and actions. Existentialists reject deterministic views of human behavior, advocating for the absolute autonomy of the individual in shaping their destiny.
Stoicism
Stoicism acknowledges the existence of external factors beyond individual control, yet emphasizes the internal freedom of the mind. Stoics believe in exercising agency over one’s thoughts and judgments, maintaining inner tranquility regardless of external circumstances, and cultivating resilience in the face of fate.
Attitude towards Emotions and Passions
Existentialism
Existentialism celebrates the full spectrum of human emotions, considering them essential aspects of the human experience. Existentialists encourage individuals to confront their emotions authentically, embracing both the joys and struggles inherent in the human condition.
Stoicism
Stoicism advocates for emotional equanimity and rationality, promoting the disciplined control of passions and desires. Stoics view emotions such as fear, desire, and anger as impediments to inner peace and moral clarity, advocating for their mastery through the cultivation of wisdom and self-discipline.
Purpose and Meaning in Life
Existentialism
Existentialism contends that life is inherently devoid of inherent meaning or purpose, challenging individuals to create their own meaning through their choices and experiences. Existentialists emphasize the importance of authenticity and personal fulfillment in the pursuit of subjective meaning in a seemingly indifferent universe.
Stoicism
Stoicism posits that the ultimate purpose of life lies in the cultivation of virtue and alignment with nature’s principles. Stoics believe in living in accordance with reason and moral virtue, finding meaning and fulfillment in the pursuit of eudaimonia through virtuous living and the fulfillment of one’s social duties.
Ethical Framework
Existentialism
Existentialism presents a diverse range of ethical perspectives, often centered around the theme of individual authenticity and responsibility. Existentialists prioritize subjective experience and personal freedom in ethical decision-making, emphasizing the importance of individual conscience and moral autonomy. Ethical choices are seen as deeply personal and context-dependent, with individuals grappling with moral dilemmas in their quest for self-actualization and authenticity.
Stoicism
Stoicism offers a comprehensive ethical framework based on the cultivation of moral virtue and adherence to natural law. Stoic ethics are rooted in the cardinal virtues of wisdom, courage, temperance, and justice, which guide individuals in their pursuit of eudaimonia, as mentioned earlier in this article. Stoics believe in living virtuously and in harmony with the universal order, viewing moral excellence as the highest good and the foundation of a flourishing life.
Approach to Adversity and Suffering
Existentialism
Existentialism confronts the inevitability of suffering and adversity head-on, acknowledging the existential anguish inherent in the human condition. Existentialists encourage individuals to confront their suffering authentically, finding meaning and growth through their struggles. While suffering is seen as an unavoidable aspect of existence, existentialism emphasizes the transformative potential of adversity in shaping one’s identity and values.
Stoicism
Stoicism advocates for the acceptance of adversity as a natural and inevitable part of life, emphasizing the importance of maintaining inner tranquility and equanimity in the face of hardship. Stoics view challenges as opportunities for growth and self-improvement, encouraging individuals to cultivate resilience and fortitude in navigating life’s inevitable trials. Through the practice of Stoic principles, individuals can develop a sense of inner peace and serenity even amidst adversity.
View of Death and Mortality
Existentialism
Existentialism grapples with the existential significance of death, recognizing it as the ultimate and inescapable limit of human existence. Existentialists confront the reality of mortality with a sense of urgency and authenticity, recognizing death as a catalyst for living meaningfully and purposefully. Death serves as a reminder of life’s finite nature, prompting individuals to confront their own mortality and seize the fleeting moments of existence with courage and vitality.
Stoicism
Stoicism offers a stoic perspective on death, viewing it as a natural and inevitable part of the cosmic order. Stoics cultivate acceptance of mortality as a fundamental aspect of human existence, recognizing death as beyond individual control. Rather than fearing death, Stoics embrace it as an opportunity to practice virtue and live in accordance with nature’s principles. By embracing the transience of life, individuals can find solace and peace in the face of mortality, focusing on living virtuously in the present moment.
Closing Thoughts
In the timeless debate of existentialism vs stoicism, we encounter two profound philosophical perspectives that offer distinct insights into the human condition. While existentialism celebrates individual freedom and the search for subjective meaning in an uncertain world, stoicism advocates for inner tranquility and moral virtue in the face of life’s adversities. Both philosophies invite us to reflect deeply on the nature of existence, the pursuit of meaning, and our capacity for resilience in confronting life’s challenges. Ultimately, whether we find solace in the existential embrace of life’s uncertainties or the stoic acceptance of fate, these philosophies remind us of the richness and complexity of the human experience.