Existentialism and Christianity are two of the most influential worldviews in modern thought. While existentialism focuses on individual freedom, choice, and the search for meaning, Christianity is centered on the belief in a higher power and divine purpose. This comparative analysis explores key points of divergence and convergence between these two perspectives. From the nature of existence to concepts of suffering and morality, understanding these differences can shed light on the complex relationship between philosophy and religion. In this post, we will examine the major aspects of existentialism vs Christianity to highlight their contrasting views on life, faith, and meaning.
Existentialism vs Christianity – Points of Comparison
#1. The Nature of Existence
In existentialism, existence is seen as a starting point with no inherent purpose or essence. Humans are thrown into the world without any predefined meaning, and it is their responsibility to create their own purpose through choices and actions. The core belief is that individuals must find meaning in an otherwise indifferent and chaotic universe. Christianity, in contrast, teaches that human existence is not accidental. According to Christian belief, God created humanity with a specific purpose. Life is a divine gift, and individuals are called to live in accordance with God’s will. Existence is viewed as meaningful from the beginning, with a divine plan guiding each person’s journey.
#2. The Search for Meaning
For existentialists, meaning is not something that can be found outside of oneself or given by external authorities. Instead, it is something each person must create for themselves through experience, introspection, and choice. This search for meaning is central to existential thought and often involves grappling with feelings of alienation, absurdity, and despair. In Christianity, meaning is not self-constructed but is given by God. Christians believe that the ultimate purpose of life is to know, love, and serve God. The meaning of life is framed within a larger divine plan, and Christians find fulfillment in following the teachings of Christ and striving toward salvation.
#3. The Concept of God
Existentialism often views the concept of God as either irrelevant or a source of conflict. Some existentialists, like Jean-Paul Sartre, reject the idea of a personal God altogether, arguing that belief in God limits human freedom and responsibility. For those existentialists who do believe in God, such as Søren Kierkegaard, God is often seen as distant or enigmatic, and the relationship between humans and the divine can be one of existential anxiety. Christianity, on the other hand, maintains a firm belief in an active, personal God who created the universe and cares deeply for His creation. In Christian thought, God is both transcendent and immanent, with a desire for a personal relationship with each individual. Christianity teaches that God’s presence in life provides guidance, comfort, and hope.
#4. Freedom and Autonomy
In existentialism, freedom is a central tenet. Existentialists believe that human beings are radically free, meaning they have complete autonomy over their lives and decisions. This freedom is both empowering and burdensome, as it means individuals are fully responsible for the consequences of their actions. However, this freedom can also lead to feelings of anxiety and despair when one faces the weight of creating meaning in an uncaring universe. Christianity acknowledges that humans have free will, but it places limits on that freedom. Christians believe that true freedom is found in following God’s commands and living according to His moral law. While free will allows for personal choice, Christianity teaches that it is through submitting to God’s will that individuals find purpose and fulfillment.
#5. Suffering and the Human Condition
For existentialists, suffering is an unavoidable aspect of the human condition. It is a consequence of living in an indifferent and sometimes hostile world. The meaning of suffering is often explored as part of the search for meaning, where it is seen as a challenge to one’s freedom and sense of identity. Existentialists argue that suffering can lead to personal growth or self-discovery, but it is also an inherent part of the human experience that cannot be avoided. Christianity offers a different perspective on suffering. Christians view suffering as a result of sin, but also as an opportunity for spiritual growth and redemption. According to Christian belief, suffering can be a means of drawing closer to God and understanding His love and grace. In Christianity, suffering is not meaningless, as it can lead to salvation and eternal life through the hope of Christ’s resurrection.
#6. Morality and Ethics
Existentialism proposes that morality is subjective. Since there is no inherent meaning in the universe, individuals must create their own ethical guidelines. Morality is based on personal choice, and each person is responsible for determining what is right or wrong. This can lead to a sense of moral ambiguity, as existentialists argue that there are no absolute moral truths. Christianity, however, teaches that morality is objective and grounded in the nature of God. Christian ethics are based on the teachings of the Bible and the example of Christ. Christians believe that there is a divine moral law that applies universally, and that following this law leads to righteousness and harmony with God’s will.
#7. Authenticity vs. Conformity
Existentialism highly values authenticity. To be authentic, individuals must live in accordance with their own true self, not adhering to societal expectations or external pressures. This often involves rejecting societal norms and embracing personal freedom. Existentialists argue that conformity is a form of self-deception, preventing individuals from truly engaging with their existence. Christianity, in contrast, places emphasis on living a life that aligns with God’s will. While Christians are encouraged to avoid worldly temptations and behaviors, they are also taught to love and serve others in community. Authenticity in Christianity is found in following Christ’s example, which may include conforming to certain moral guidelines, but it is always seen as an expression of faith and devotion to God.
#8. Death and the Afterlife
Existentialism views death as an inevitable and essential aspect of the human experience. It is seen as the final end, an inescapable reality that gives life its urgency. Existentialists believe that death is a source of anxiety, as it forces individuals to confront the meaninglessness of existence. However, they also argue that awareness of death can motivate individuals to live more fully and authentically. Christianity offers a different perspective on death. Christians believe in life after death, with the hope of eternal life in Heaven for those who follow Christ. Death is seen as a transition rather than an end, and it is a gateway to salvation and eternal communion with God. The resurrection of Christ provides Christians with the assurance of life beyond the grave.
#9. The Role of Faith
Faith is central to existentialism in different ways. Existentialists who believe in God, such as Kierkegaard, argue that faith is essential for confronting the absurdity of life. For them, faith is a leap into the unknown, a way of embracing the uncertainty of existence. However, for many existentialists, faith is not directed toward any particular deity but is more about embracing one’s freedom and creating meaning through individual action. In Christianity, faith is essential and foundational. Christians believe that faith in God and in the saving grace of Jesus Christ is the key to salvation. Faith is not just a belief but an ongoing trust in God’s plan and promises. It is the cornerstone of Christian life, enabling individuals to live according to God’s will and find hope in His grace.
#10. The Problem of Evil
The problem of evil is a central issue in both existentialism and Christianity, though it is approached in different ways. Existentialists argue that the existence of evil is a result of the absurdity of the universe. Evil is seen as a consequence of living in a meaningless, indifferent world. This leads to a deep sense of alienation and existential anxiety, as individuals must confront the reality of suffering and injustice. Christianity, on the other hand, acknowledges evil as a consequence of sin and human free will. Evil entered the world through the Fall of Man, but it is ultimately overcome through the death and resurrection of Christ. Christianity teaches that God allows evil and suffering for reasons beyond human understanding, but that He is ultimately in control and will bring about justice and redemption.
#11. Human Dignity and Purpose
Existentialism argues that human dignity is rooted in the ability to create meaning and define one’s own life. Since there is no inherent purpose, dignity is found in the exercise of freedom and personal responsibility. Individuals are free to shape their identity and determine their worth. Christianity teaches that human dignity comes from being created in the image of God. Each person has inherent value because they are made by a loving Creator. Purpose is found in living in alignment with God’s will and seeking to fulfill the divine plan for one’s life. In Christianity, dignity is not self-made but given by God.
#12. The Role of Community
In existentialism, community is often seen as a source of alienation, as it can impose conformity and limit individual freedom. The individual is central, and personal authenticity may require distancing oneself from collective norms. However, some existentialists acknowledge the importance of human connections in the search for meaning. Christianity, by contrast, emphasizes the importance of community. Christians believe that humans are meant to live in fellowship with one another, supporting and encouraging each other in faith. The church is seen as a spiritual community that helps believers grow in their relationship with God and one another. Community is vital for mutual edification and fulfilling God’s commandments.
#13. Existential Crisis and Faith Crisis
An existential crisis occurs when individuals confront the meaninglessness of life and the anxiety of freedom. It involves questioning one’s purpose, identity, and existence. For existentialists, such crises are part of the human experience, and confronting them can lead to greater self-awareness. Christianity, on the other hand, has a framework for dealing with a faith crisis. When Christians face doubt or suffering, their faith in God provides hope and strength. A faith crisis can be an opportunity to deepen one’s trust in God and seek understanding through prayer, scripture, and community. Christianity teaches that faith is a journey, and doubts can be addressed through God’s grace.
#14. The Nature of Love
Existentialism sees love as a deeply personal and subjective experience. Love, like all human experiences, is not predetermined or universal. It is something individuals create through their relationships, and it can offer brief moments of meaning in an otherwise indifferent world. Love is often seen as a powerful, yet fleeting, aspect of human existence. Christianity views love as central to the Christian faith. Love is both a command from God and a reflection of His nature. Christians are taught to love God with all their heart and to love others as Christ loved them. Love in Christianity is sacrificial, unconditional, and eternal, offering a glimpse of God’s divine love.
#15. Hope and Redemption
In existentialism, hope is often seen as a personal endeavor. It is based on the belief that individuals can create meaning and make life worthwhile, despite the inherent absurdity of existence. However, hope can be fragile, as it relies on individual effort and a confrontation with the challenges of life. Redemption in existentialism is not a given but something to be pursued through self-creation and personal responsibility. Christianity offers a different kind of hope. Christians believe that hope is found in the promises of God and the redemption through Christ. Salvation is seen as a gift, not something to be earned, and it brings hope of eternal life and restoration. Redemption is not just about overcoming personal failure but about being reconciled with God through Christ’s sacrifice.
#16. Creation and the Creator
In existentialism, creation is often viewed as an accidental or random event. Existentialists argue that the universe has no inherent purpose, and life is not the result of a divine creator. Instead, humans are thrown into existence without a predefined meaning. Creation, in this view, is simply the starting point for individual freedom and choice. Christianity teaches that God is the Creator of all things. The universe and life were created by God with intention and purpose. Everything in creation is part of God’s plan, and humanity has a unique role within that plan. Creation is seen as good, and human beings are called to steward it in accordance with God’s will.
#17. The Impact on Modern Life
Existentialism has significantly influenced modern thought, particularly in areas like psychology, literature, and existential philosophy. It emphasizes individual freedom, choice, and personal responsibility, which resonates with modern concepts of autonomy and self-determination. The existential emphasis on meaning-making is evident in contemporary struggles with identity, purpose, and the search for personal fulfillment. Christianity also plays a vital role in shaping modern life, particularly through its ethical teachings and emphasis on love, compassion, and justice. Many of the values that shape Western society, including the dignity of the individual, charity, and social justice, are rooted in Christian thought. Christianity continues to influence moral frameworks and community life today.
#18. Human Freedom vs. Divine Sovereignty
Existentialism places a strong emphasis on human freedom and autonomy. According to existentialist philosophy, humans are entirely free to make choices and create their own meaning in life. This freedom can be overwhelming, as it places the burden of responsibility entirely on the individual. Existentialists argue that humans must confront this freedom without relying on external structures or divine authority. Christianity teaches that while humans have free will, it is not absolute. Divine sovereignty means that God is ultimately in control of all things. Christians believe that true freedom is found not in self-determined autonomy, but in aligning one’s life with God’s will. This relationship between human freedom and divine sovereignty is central to Christian life.
#19. Alienation and Isolation
Existentialism often focuses on the themes of alienation and isolation. Existentialists argue that individuals are inherently isolated, both from others and from any ultimate source of meaning. This alienation arises from the recognition that there is no inherent purpose to life and that each person must navigate existence alone. This leads to feelings of estrangement and loneliness. Christianity, in contrast, offers a view of belonging. While the world may offer moments of alienation, Christians believe that they are never truly isolated from God. The relationship with God through Christ provides a sense of connection, and the Christian community offers fellowship and support. Christians believe that ultimate belonging is found in communion with God.
#20. The Role of Scripture and Texts
In existentialism, there is no authoritative text that provides definitive answers to life’s questions. Existentialists often turn to philosophy, literature, and personal experience to explore meaning. While existentialist thinkers may reference various works or ideas, they generally emphasize the individual’s role in interpreting and creating meaning. Christianity places a strong emphasis on scripture, particularly the Bible, as the authoritative source for understanding life, God, and moral truth. Christians believe that the Bible is divinely inspired and offers guidance on how to live according to God’s will. Christian texts, particularly the teachings of Jesus, are central to Christian belief and practice, providing a framework for understanding salvation, morality, and purpose.
Closing Thoughts
The comparison of existentialism vs Christianity highlights two fundamentally different views on existence, purpose, and meaning. While existentialism emphasizes individual freedom, personal responsibility, and the creation of meaning in an indifferent world, Christianity offers a framework centered on divine purpose, faith in God, and moral guidance. Both perspectives address fundamental human concerns like suffering, morality, and the search for meaning, but they do so in contrasting ways. Understanding these differences provides valuable insight into how philosophy and religion shape our understanding of life, identity, and the human condition. Ultimately, both offer unique paths to grapple with the complexities of existence.