Existentialism is a philosophical movement that focuses on individual freedom, choice, and responsibility. It emerged in response to questions about human existence and meaning. Thinkers like Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camus, and Søren Kierkegaard shaped its ideas. Existentialism challenges the notion that life has a predetermined purpose. Instead, it argues that people create their own meaning.
The philosophy emphasizes living authentically and making conscious decisions. It also acknowledges the uncertainty and absurdity of life. By embracing existentialist ideas, individuals can develop a stronger sense of purpose and self-awareness. This article explores its core tenets and the benefits it offers.
Understanding Existentialism
What is Existentialism?
Existentialism is a philosophical movement that emphasizes individual existence, freedom, and personal responsibility. It challenges the idea that life has inherent meaning, arguing instead that meaning is created through personal experiences and choices. Existentialism emerged in the 19th and 20th centuries, gaining prominence through the works of philosophers such as Søren Kierkegaard, Friedrich Nietzsche, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Albert Camus. While these thinkers had different perspectives, they shared a common focus on human freedom, the absurdity of life, and the necessity of personal meaning-making.
Kierkegaard is often considered the father of existentialism, emphasizing faith and personal commitment as ways to confront life’s uncertainties. Nietzsche challenged traditional morality and famously declared that “God is dead,” urging individuals to create their own values. Sartre, one of the most well-known existentialists, introduced the idea that “existence precedes essence,” meaning that individuals define themselves through actions rather than predetermined nature. Camus explored the absurdity of life, arguing that while existence may lack inherent meaning, people can still find purpose through their own efforts. These ideas form the foundation of existentialist thought and continue to influence philosophy, psychology, and literature.
Core Tenets of Existentialism
Existentialism is based on several core principles that shape its understanding of human existence. These ideas challenge conventional beliefs about purpose, morality, and the nature of reality. Below are four key tenets:
- Existence Precedes Essence – People are not born with a predefined essence or purpose. Instead, they define themselves through actions, choices, and experiences. This idea, popularized by Sartre, rejects the notion of fate or divine design, emphasizing personal responsibility in shaping one’s identity.
- Absurdity – Life does not have inherent meaning, and the universe is indifferent to human existence. Camus explored this concept in The Myth of Sisyphus, describing life as an endless struggle without ultimate purpose. Rather than leading to despair, recognizing absurdity can encourage individuals to live authentically and create their own significance.
- Freedom and Choice – Since existence lacks predetermined meaning, individuals have the freedom—and the burden—to make choices. Sartre argued that this absolute freedom comes with responsibility, as every decision contributes to defining oneself. Avoiding responsibility leads to bad faith, a state of self-deception where people conform to societal expectations instead of acting authentically.
- Authenticity – Living authentically means accepting responsibility for one’s choices and acting in accordance with personal values rather than external pressures. Heidegger and Sartre emphasized that individuals must acknowledge their freedom and take ownership of their lives rather than passively following societal norms.
These principles shape existentialist thought and continue to influence discussions on personal identity, ethics, and human purpose.
Benefits of Existentialism
Existentialism offers valuable insights into personal growth, self-awareness, and resilience. By focusing on individual responsibility and freedom, it encourages people to take control of their lives. This philosophy does not provide easy answers but instead challenges individuals to create their own meaning and values. The following benefits illustrate how existentialist ideas can positively impact personal development and well-being.
#1. Personal Empowerment
Existentialism emphasizes that individuals have the power to shape their own lives. By rejecting the idea of predetermined purpose or fate, it places responsibility on each person to make meaningful choices. Jean-Paul Sartre argued that “man is condemned to be free,” meaning that people must take ownership of their actions and decisions. This concept can be liberating, as it shifts focus from external circumstances to personal agency.
Embracing this philosophy encourages people to take proactive steps toward their goals. Rather than feeling trapped by societal expectations or past experiences, individuals can recognize their ability to change their circumstances. This empowerment fosters confidence, resilience, and a sense of purpose, allowing people to navigate life with a greater sense of control.
#2. Authenticity
Authenticity is a core existentialist value, emphasizing the importance of living according to one’s true beliefs and values. Søren Kierkegaard warned against living in a way that conforms to societal norms without genuine personal commitment. He believed that true fulfillment comes from making choices that align with one’s own convictions, rather than seeking approval from others.
Many people struggle with external pressures from family, culture, or social expectations. Existentialism encourages individuals to examine these influences critically and determine whether they truly resonate with their own beliefs. Living authentically reduces feelings of dissatisfaction and regret, as choices are made based on genuine self-awareness rather than external validation.
#3. Embracing Uncertainty
Existentialism acknowledges that life is uncertain and that the search for absolute certainty is futile. Unlike other philosophies that attempt to explain existence through religious or metaphysical frameworks, existentialists argue that uncertainty is an inherent part of life. Albert Camus explored this idea in The Myth of Sisyphus, arguing that people must embrace the absurd rather than seek false security.
Accepting uncertainty allows individuals to develop adaptability and resilience. Instead of fearing the unknown, existentialist thought encourages people to face ambiguity with curiosity and openness. This perspective can reduce anxiety about the future, helping individuals focus on the present and make the most of their experiences.
#4. Enhanced Self-Awareness
Self-awareness is crucial in existentialist philosophy. By encouraging individuals to examine their values, desires, and fears, existentialism promotes deeper introspection. Friedrich Nietzsche’s concept of the Übermensch (Overman) suggested that self-examination and personal growth were essential for transcending limitations and becoming one’s fullest self.
Through self-awareness, individuals gain clarity on what truly matters to them. This process can lead to better decision-making and a stronger sense of purpose. When people understand their motivations and emotions, they can make more authentic choices, strengthening their personal and professional relationships.
#5. Coping with Anxiety and Angst
Existentialist thinkers like Martin Heidegger and Sartre discussed the concept of angst, or existential anxiety, which arises when individuals confront the vastness of existence and their own mortality. Rather than viewing anxiety as something to be avoided, existentialism suggests that it is a natural response to human freedom and the unknown.
By acknowledging and accepting existential anxiety, individuals can learn to cope with it in healthier ways. Rather than suppressing or avoiding these feelings, they can use them as motivation to live more meaningfully. This approach helps people develop emotional resilience and a greater appreciation for the present moment.
#6. Increased Meaning and Purpose
Although existentialism rejects the idea of inherent meaning, it does not suggest that life is meaningless. Instead, it argues that individuals must create their own purpose. Viktor Frankl, a Holocaust survivor and psychiatrist, explored this idea in Man’s Search for Meaning, where he emphasized that finding personal meaning—even in suffering—can lead to psychological well-being.
When people take responsibility for defining their own purpose, they experience greater fulfillment. Whether through relationships, creative pursuits, or personal growth, existentialism encourages individuals to actively engage with life rather than passively seeking external validation.
#7. Focus on Individual Responsibility
Existentialism stresses that individuals are responsible for their own actions and choices. Sartre’s concept of bad faith describes the tendency to blame circumstances or others for one’s situation, avoiding personal responsibility. Instead of adopting a victim mindset, existentialist thought urges people to take ownership of their decisions.
This principle applies to all aspects of life, from career choices to relationships. When individuals accept responsibility for their actions, they gain a greater sense of control and accountability. This mindset fosters integrity, self-discipline, and a proactive approach to personal and professional challenges.
#8. Encouragement of Personal Growth
Existentialist philosophy promotes continuous self-improvement. Nietzsche’s idea of self-overcoming emphasizes that individuals should constantly strive to surpass their limitations and evolve. Rather than remaining stagnant, people should seek new experiences, knowledge, and challenges.
This focus on personal growth encourages a mindset of lifelong learning. It fosters resilience by teaching individuals to embrace failures and setbacks as opportunities for development. By constantly reassessing values and beliefs, people can refine their perspectives and live more fulfilling lives.
#9. Freedom from External Expectations
Many people feel burdened by societal norms and expectations. Existentialism challenges the idea that individuals must conform to predetermined roles or cultural pressures. Sartre’s idea of radical freedom suggests that people are not bound by tradition, and they can redefine themselves at any moment.
Rejecting external expectations allows individuals to pursue paths that genuinely fulfill them. Whether in career choices, relationships, or personal interests, existentialist thought empowers people to break free from limiting beliefs and embrace a more authentic existence.
#10. Positive Reframing of Suffering
Existentialism provides a powerful framework for understanding suffering. Rather than seeing hardship as meaningless, it encourages individuals to find value in difficult experiences. Viktor Frankl’s logotherapy emphasizes that suffering can lead to personal growth when individuals assign meaning to their struggles.
By viewing suffering as an opportunity for growth, individuals can develop greater resilience. Instead of being overwhelmed by adversity, they can use challenges as a catalyst for self-discovery and deeper understanding. This perspective fosters emotional strength and a greater appreciation for life’s complexities.
Closing Thoughts
Existentialism offers a unique perspective on life, emphasizing personal responsibility, freedom, and the creation of individual meaning. It challenges people to move beyond passive acceptance of societal norms and instead take ownership of their choices and beliefs. By embracing uncertainty, authenticity, and self-awareness, individuals can cultivate a more empowered and fulfilling life.
While existentialist ideas may seem daunting, they ultimately provide valuable tools for personal growth and resilience. Rather than seeking absolute answers, this philosophy encourages continuous exploration and self-improvement. By applying its principles, individuals can navigate life’s challenges with greater confidence and purpose.