Existentialism explores the fundamental questions of human existence. It looks at the meaning of life, freedom, and individual responsibility. Within this philosophy, there are two key branches: atheistic and theistic existentialism. Atheistic existentialists argue that life has no inherent meaning. They focus on personal freedom and responsibility in a godless world.
Theistic existentialists, on the other hand, believe in God and view human existence through a religious lens. Despite their differences, both branches share common concerns about life’s meaning, freedom, and the human condition. This article will compare and contrast atheistic and theistic existentialism.
Defining Atheistic Existentialism
Atheistic existentialism rejects the idea of a divine being and any preordained purpose for life. It asserts that humans must confront a world without inherent meaning. With no higher power, individuals are responsible for creating their own purpose. Prominent figures such as Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus are central to this philosophy. Sartre famously stated that “existence precedes essence,” meaning humans exist first, and then define themselves through their actions.
Atheistic existentialists argue that humans are thrown into an absurd world. There is no grand plan or cosmic justice. Life can feel meaningless, but it is up to the individual to decide how to respond. This leads to the idea of radical freedom. With no god to dictate morality, each person is free to choose their own path. However, this freedom comes with the burden of responsibility. We are not only free to choose, but we are also responsible for the consequences of those choices.
Central to atheistic existentialism is the concept of authenticity. To live authentically means to act in accordance with one’s true self, not based on societal expectations or false beliefs. Atheistic existentialism encourages individuals to embrace their freedom and face life’s uncertainties head-on, rather than relying on external authorities or comforting illusions. The search for meaning becomes a deeply personal journey, one that can only be achieved by living in the present moment and accepting the absurdity of existence.
Defining Theistic Existentialism
Theistic existentialism asserts the existence of God and sees life through a religious perspective. Unlike atheistic existentialism, it believes that life has a purpose that comes from a higher power. Thinkers like Søren Kierkegaard and Gabriel Marcel are key figures in this tradition. They argue that human beings are fundamentally dependent on God for meaning and direction.
Theistic existentialists stress the importance of faith. They believe that despite life’s uncertainties, God provides a foundation for hope. However, this faith must be embraced personally and sincerely. It is not enough to simply follow religious traditions; one must confront doubts and struggles to find true belief.
In theistic existentialism, individuals still face existential challenges, such as freedom, anxiety, and the search for meaning. But these are viewed within the context of God’s presence in their lives. For theistic existentialists, faith provides the framework for understanding life’s purpose. It offers hope and guidance in an otherwise chaotic world. This view contrasts with atheistic existentialism, where meaning must be created by the individual without any divine aid.
Atheistic and Theistic Existentialism: Commonalities
#1. Focus on Individual Experience
Both atheistic and theistic existentialism place a strong emphasis on the individual’s experience. The belief that each person must navigate their own existence is shared across these two schools of thought. Atheistic existentialism holds that humans are thrown into an indifferent world with no predefined purpose.
Thus, the individual must define their own meaning. Similarly, theistic existentialism focuses on personal experience, though it centers on the relationship between the individual and God. In both traditions, individuals cannot rely on external authorities for answers but must turn inward to confront and understand their own existence.
#2. Existential Freedom
Freedom is a cornerstone in both atheistic and theistic existentialism. Atheistic existentialists believe that humans are free because there is no God to impose a purpose on their lives. This radical freedom allows individuals to make their own choices, but it also carries the burden of responsibility.
Theistic existentialists, while acknowledging divine authority, also emphasize human freedom. For them, freedom is the ability to respond to God’s call and to live according to one’s faith. In both cases, freedom is not simply about doing whatever one pleases; it is the freedom to act in ways that are true to one’s self and in alignment with their existential goals.
#3. Absurdity of Life
Both atheistic and theistic existentialism acknowledge the absurdity of life. Atheistic existentialists confront the meaninglessness of existence head-on, accepting a world that offers no inherent meaning or purpose. This leads to a sense of absurdity, which they argue must be faced directly.
Theistic existentialists, while recognizing the chaos and suffering in life, find meaning in faith. They still accept the inherent absurdity of the human condition but interpret it through the lens of God’s presence. Both schools of thought agree that humans must confront this absurdity, whether by creating their own meaning or finding it in a higher power.
#4. Search for Meaning
The search for meaning is a defining feature of both atheistic and theistic existentialism. In atheistic existentialism, the individual must create their own meaning in a world that offers none. This often involves taking responsibility for one’s actions and defining a personal purpose.
In theistic existentialism, meaning is not created but discovered through a relationship with God. While theistic existentialists reject the idea that meaning is preordained, they believe that it is through faith and trust in God that one finds a deeper sense of purpose. In both views, the search for meaning is an active process that requires personal engagement and effort.
#5. Authenticity
Authenticity plays a significant role in both atheistic and theistic existentialism. Atheistic existentialists view authenticity as the ability to live true to oneself, free from societal conventions and false beliefs. It requires individuals to confront their freedom and take responsibility for their choices.
Theistic existentialists also emphasize authenticity, but they define it as living in accordance with God’s will. Authenticity, in this context, means aligning one’s life with the divine purpose and having a sincere relationship with God. Despite their differing foundations, both schools of thought agree that living authentically requires rejecting falsehoods and embracing one’s true existence.
#6. Confronting Angst and Anxiety
Angst and anxiety are universal themes in both atheistic and theistic existentialism. Atheistic existentialists argue that anxiety stems from the awareness of life’s meaninglessness. Without an inherent purpose, individuals face the unsettling realization that they must create their own meaning.
This causes existential anxiety. For theistic existentialists, anxiety arises from the tension between human freedom and divine expectations. They feel the pressure of living in accordance with God’s will. In both traditions, anxiety is not something to avoid but something to confront. It is a natural response to human freedom, responsibility, and the search for meaning.
#7. Rejection of Determinism
Both atheistic and theistic existentialism reject determinism. Atheistic existentialists emphasize that humans are not bound by fate or predetermined by any higher power. People are free to make their own choices. Life is shaped by individual actions, not external forces. Theistic existentialists also reject determinism but in a slightly different way.
While they believe in God, they still hold that human beings have the freedom to choose. God’s presence does not negate human freedom. Both schools agree that humans are not controlled by destiny or external forces. They are free to shape their lives through personal choices.
#8. Emphasis on Personal Responsibility
Personal responsibility is a core value in both atheistic and theistic existentialism. In atheistic existentialism, responsibility is a direct consequence of human freedom. Since there is no higher power to guide us, individuals must take full responsibility for their actions. There is no one else to blame for the outcomes of their choices.
Theistic existentialism, too, places great emphasis on personal responsibility. While there is faith in God, individuals are still responsible for their actions. They must choose to live in alignment with divine teachings and make responsible choices. Both philosophies stress that individuals cannot escape their responsibility and must face the consequences of their decisions.
#9. Existential Struggle
Existential struggle is inherent in both atheistic and theistic existentialism. In atheistic existentialism, the struggle is with the meaninglessness and absurdity of life. There is no guarantee that life will be easy or that answers will be found. The individual must engage in a continual process of self-definition and meaning-making.
Theistic existentialism sees the struggle as one between human freedom and divine will. Even with faith, the individual faces doubts and challenges in trying to live authentically in a complex world. Both philosophies recognize that struggle is an inevitable part of existence. It is through this struggle that individuals grow and find meaning.
#10. Alienation
Alienation is another common theme in both atheistic and theistic existentialism. Atheistic existentialists view alienation as a result of the individual’s realization that they are alone in an indifferent universe. With no higher power or predetermined purpose, humans can feel isolated and disconnected from the world.
Theistic existentialists also acknowledge alienation, but from a different perspective. They argue that humans experience alienation from God and must work to restore their relationship with the divine. Both branches agree that alienation is an essential part of the human condition. Whether it is alienation from the universe or from God, it is something individuals must confront and address.
Atheistic and Theistic Existentialism: Differences
#1. Belief in God
The primary difference between atheistic and theistic existentialism is their stance on God. Atheistic existentialism denies the existence of any divine being. It holds that life has no inherent meaning or purpose given by a higher power.
On the other hand, theistic existentialism believes in the existence of God. It sees human life as being part of a divine plan, with purpose coming from the relationship between humans and God.
#2. Source of Meaning
In atheistic existentialism, meaning is not given by a higher power. Individuals must create their own meaning through their actions, choices, and experiences. It is a personal and self-defined process.
In contrast, theistic existentialism finds meaning through God. Meaning is not created but discovered through faith, obedience to God’s will, and the search for a divine purpose. For theistic existentialists, meaning is rooted in a higher, divine source.
#3. Response to Absurdity
The way both philosophies respond to absurdity is different. Atheistic existentialists acknowledge life’s absurdity and accept that the world offers no inherent meaning. They argue that we must create our own meaning in the face of this absurdity.
Theistic existentialists, while recognizing life’s absurdities, respond by turning to God. They find hope in their relationship with God, believing that ultimate meaning can be found despite the chaos and suffering in life.
#4. Role of Faith
Faith plays a different role in each branch of existentialism. In atheistic existentialism, faith is not a central element. There is no belief in a higher power or divine guidance. The focus is on human freedom and individual responsibility.
For theistic existentialists, faith is crucial. It is the foundation of their philosophy, as it provides meaning, guidance, and a sense of purpose. Faith in God helps them navigate life’s struggles and uncertainties.
#5. Relationship with God
The relationship with God is at the heart of theistic existentialism but is absent in atheistic existentialism. Theistic existentialists believe that humans are created by God and are meant to live in a relationship with Him. This relationship involves faith, devotion, and seeking God’s will in everyday life.
In contrast, atheistic existentialism rejects any relationship with a divine being. It emphasizes the individual’s autonomy in creating their own meaning and understanding of the world. For atheistic existentialists, there is no divine presence to rely on or seek guidance from.
#6. View on Human Purpose
Atheistic existentialism sees human purpose as something created by the individual. Without a divine creator, purpose is self-defined. Life’s meaning is shaped by personal choices and actions. There is no preordained purpose. As Sartre said, “Existence precedes essence,” meaning we must create our essence through our actions.
In contrast, theistic existentialism views human purpose as part of God’s plan. Human beings are seen as part of a divine design, and their purpose is to align with God’s will. As stated in the Bible, “For I know the plans I have for you,” declares the Lord, “plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you a hope and a future” (Jeremiah 29:11). For theistic existentialists, purpose is given by God, not self-created.
#7. Perspective on Hope
Hope in atheistic existentialism comes from the individual’s ability to create meaning despite a meaningless universe. It is the hope of self-determination and the power to shape one’s life. Hope is rooted in human freedom and personal responsibility.
In contrast, theistic existentialism views hope as something grounded in God. Hope is tied to the belief in a higher power who provides a future and a plan.
The Bible emphasizes hope in God, saying, “But those who hope in the Lord will renew their strength. They will soar on wings like eagles; they will run and not grow weary, they will walk and not be faint” (Isaiah 40:31). For theistic existentialists, hope is rooted in faith and trust in God’s ultimate plan.
#8. Concept of Afterlife
The concept of the afterlife is central to theistic existentialism but irrelevant in atheistic existentialism. Atheistic existentialists reject the idea of an afterlife, seeing death as the end of consciousness. Life’s meaning must be found within the time we have on earth. In contrast, theistic existentialism believes in an afterlife, where the soul’s destiny is determined by one’s relationship with God.
The Bible provides insight into this view: “For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life” (John 3:16). The afterlife offers hope of eternal life with God, something that atheistic existentialism does not entertain.
#9. Ethical Foundation
Atheistic existentialism holds that ethics are self-created. Without a divine being to provide moral laws, individuals must create their own ethical framework. Morality is subjective and based on human experience. Atheistic existentialists like Sartre argue that we are responsible for our own choices and must take responsibility for their impact on others.
In theistic existentialism, ethics are rooted in divine commands. Morality comes from God and is found in religious teachings. The Bible offers clear ethical guidelines: “Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind” (Matthew 22:37), and “Love your neighbor as yourself” (Matthew 22:39). For theistic existentialists, ethical behavior is based on adherence to God’s will.
#10. Approach to Existential Crisis
In atheistic existentialism, an existential crisis arises from the realization that life is absurd and meaningless. The individual must confront this reality and accept the responsibility of creating meaning in the face of uncertainty. This crisis often leads to feelings of anxiety, but it is also a call for personal freedom and self-determination.
Theistic existentialism views an existential crisis as a struggle with faith. It involves doubt, despair, and the search for meaning in relation to God. In this crisis, individuals may question their faith but are encouraged to turn to God for guidance. The Bible offers comfort in times of existential struggle: “Cast all your anxiety on him because he cares for you” (1 Peter 5:7). Theistic existentialists believe that God provides the strength to overcome existential doubts and find peace.
Closing Thoughts
Atheistic and theistic existentialism offer distinct paths for understanding human existence. While atheistic existentialism emphasizes individual freedom and responsibility in a godless world, theistic existentialism finds meaning through faith in God. Despite their differences, both philosophies confront life’s absurdities, promote authenticity, and encourage the search for meaning.
Whether through self-definition or divine guidance, the core challenge remains the same: how to live authentically in a world that often seems chaotic. Both perspectives provide valuable insights into the human condition, offering ways to navigate the complexities of existence. Ultimately, both invite individuals to face life’s challenges head-on.